Department of Health

Mosquito-borne diseases

Vector-borne infectious disease control.

Key messages

  • In Victoria, the most common pathogens transmitted from mosquitoes to humans are viruses such as Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus
  • Infections caused by Japanese encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus and West Nile/Kunjin virus are rare, but do have the potential to cause severe disease.
  • Avoiding mosquito bites is the most important way to prevent mosquito-borne diseases.
  • Mosquito management is the responsibility of all landowners or land occupiers.

Human cases of mosquito-borne diseases

As at 25 May 2023, summary of human cases of mosquito-borne diseases since the start of the 2022/2023 mosquito season (1 July 2022) in Victoria::

Condition Total Cases Total Deaths
Japanese encephalitis 1 0
Murray Valley encephalitis 6 5
West Nile (Kunjin) virus infection 0 0
Flavivirus infection (unspecified)* 2 0
Ross River virus infection 201 -
Barmah Forest virus infection 7 -

*Infection cannot be attributed to a single flavivirus.

For more information see the Mosquito surveillance report.

About mosquito-borne diseases

More than 275 species of mosquitoes are found in Australia. Fortunately, only a few species bite humans, and fewer still are vectors of human diseases.

All mosquito-borne diseases are notifiable to the department. For information on notification requirements and procedures, see Notifiable infectious diseases, conditions and micro-organisms

Other mosquito-borne diseases reported in Victoria are those acquired interstate or overseas (such as dengue fever).

The most effective way to reduce your risk of mosquito-borne diseases is by avoiding mosquito bites and removing mosquito breeding sites around your home.

For more information on how to avoid mosquito bites, see Mosquitoes can carry diseasesExternal Link on the Better Health Channel.

Mosquito-borne diseases in Victoria

Mosquito management in Victoria

Since 1974, the Victorian Government has worked with other agencies including selected local governments to deliver an integrated mosquito management program.

This includes surveillance activities to monitor mosquito species and numbers and to test mosquitoes for viruses. Integrated mosquito management also includes mosquito control, investigation of mosquito-borne diseases in humans, and community education to reduce mosquito bites.

For more information visit Mosquito management in VictoriaExternal Link .

Roles and responsibilities for mosquito control

In Victoria, the Public Health and Wellbeing Regulations 2019 (the Regulations) outline responsibilities for mosquito management. Mosquito management is the responsibility of all landowners or land occupiers. This applies to land owned/managed by both the public sector or government, or private residents, businesses and organisations.

For further information on the roles and responsibilities of the Department of Health, local councils and public sector and private landowners and land occupiers, see Mosquito management in VictoriaExternal Link .

Funding to local councils

The Victorian Government provides funding to councils in areas at high-risk for mosquito-borne diseases to undertake mosquito surveillance and support mosquito management.

It is up to each council to determine the mosquito management measures best suited to their needs, but the focus is on reducing the risk of spread of mosquito-borne diseases, including Ross River virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Activities generally include trapping adult mosquitoes and vector control.

Changes to the Public Health and Wellbeing Regulations

On 14 December 2019, the Public Health and Wellbeing Regulations 2019 (the regulations) replaced the Public Health and Wellbeing Regulations 2009.

The new regulations will help reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases by broadening the scope of the existing regulations. They allow for the control of emerging and potential vector-borne disease risks.

For further information, see:

Mosquito surveillance report

    • Transcript

      Catherine Ellis, reporter: There are more than 3500 species of mosquitoes in the world and more than 300 in Australia, but most don't bite humans and only a small number are dangerous because they can spread disease.

      The trouble is the two most common species found during the height of summer in Victoria are disease spreaders.

      A/Prof Deb Friedman, Victoria's Deputy Chief Health Officer: We're most concerned about those infections that can be fatal or that can cause lifelong disability, and so those infections that can cause encephalitis.

      Reporter: To try to protect us and warn us of any potential risk mosquito surveillance takes place across the state.

      Deb Friedman: Surveillance is our best preventative measure. If we know that it's present in mosquitoes or present in other animals, that gives us an insight into what to expect among humans.

      Reporter: About 20 councils are involved in setting around 70 mosquito traps across the state each week. Doug has been a mosquito officer for Shepparton Council for more than two decades and he says it's always a bit of a laugh when people ask him what he does.

      Doug Cousins, Mosquito Officer: And they’re like what you, you trap mosquitoes. Why?

      Reporter: Like humans, the traps release CO2 which can be detected by the mosquitoes from up to 50 meters away.

      Doug Cousins: And the mosquitoes come in following that CO2 trail and when they get closer, there's a little light. They see the light as a patch of bare skin so they move in closer to have a feed, get sucked down by the draft of the fan and get caught in the trap and that's where they stay until we pick them up in the morning.

      Reporter: The traps are set at dusk when mosquitoes are most active in areas that represent different breeding types and they're collected the next morning.

      Doug Cousins: We catch probably about 500 on a quiet week and perhaps 15,000 on a big week.

      Deb Friedman: We trap mosquitoes for a very prolonged period that starts well before the mosquito season and extends beyond the mosquito season to make sure that we've captured information for as much of the year as is possible.

      Reporter: The mosquitoes are packaged up and sent by post to a lab in Melbourne.

      During peak weeks, more than a million mosquitoes arrive here from across the state. They’re then carefully counted and sorted into species.

      Dr Peter Mee, Senior Research Scientist, Agriculture Victoria: So the mosquitoes arrive, we count and identify them, we put them in a tube and puree them into a soup or a liquid from that liquid or soup we can extract the DNA and from that, we can actually test it with PCR via different assays for those five main virus species.

      Reporter: It takes just two days from when they arrive to determine if a virus is present and to warn the public.

      Mosquito surveillance began in Victoria almost 50 years ago after the 1974 floods.

      There was an outbreak of Murray Valley encephalitis where several people died and many more were left with long term brain damage.

      The virus hasn't been detected in humans in Victoria since, but it was found in chickens in 2011 and in recent months it's been found in trapped mosquitoes across the north of the state.

      Deb Friedman: And on both of those occasions, both in the seventies and in 2011 it followed heavy flooding and obviously that concerns us greatly because we've had a lot of flooding recently.

      Reporter: Japanese encephalitis virus causes a similar illness. It was first discovered in Australia last year in pigs and later in humans.

      Like Murray Valley encephalitis it's believed to have been spread here by waterbirds.

      Deb Friedman: And these waterbirds are typically what we call migratory so we know that they fly long distances, and that migration of waterbirds can account for movement of these viruses from potentially country to country and definitely from state to state.

      Reporter: Mosquitoes usually feed on flower nectar. It's only the females that bite us because they need protein from our blood to make their eggs.

      They stick their long, tubular mouthpiece into your skin to extract blood and at the same time inject saliva which contains chemicals to make your blood flow smoothly.

      The itchy lump you get is your body's reaction to the saliva but if they have a virus, you can also get that and that's what makes mosquitoes the deadliest animals on Earth.

      While most of us are terrified of sharks, crocodiles and snakes, it's the tiniest bite of all that kills the most number of humans. Around three quarters of a million people die each year from Mosquito borne diseases but that's mainly from malaria, which doesn't exist here.

      Deb Friedman: The viral infections that we're concerned about are Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis and West Nile/Kunjin viruses.

      Reporter: While all five viruses may result in no symptoms at all, the bottom three can be fatal.

      Deb Friedman: Any of those symptoms that might point to an inflammation of the brain like seizures, confusion or weakness really mean immediate medical attention is required in a hospital.

      Reporter: This mosquito culex annulirostris is able to spread all the five viruses.

      She likes to breed in fresh water across inland Victoria during the summer months.

      Doug Cousins: There'll be culex annulirostris in every trap that we set.

      Peter Mee: And that can be in those traps 80 to 90% of the actual insects in that trap.

      Reporter: Along the coast a salt water loving mosquito is able to spread Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses.

      Humans can't catch these viruses from other humans or animals. They can only catch them from infected mosquitoes.

      Deb Friedman: The problem with diseases transmitted by mosquitoes is that there are very few for which there's a vaccine. The only infection for which we have a vaccine is Japanese encephalitis virus.

      Reporter: And so the best form of protection is to avoid getting bitten in the first place.

      Deb Friedman: First of all, use of repellent and not just any repellent, but repellent that includes one of two ingredients, either DEET or picaridin. Wearing long, loose fitting clothing, typically lighter coloured clothing.

      Reporter: Culex annulirostris likes to rest in shady areas, so cleaning up backyards can help, along with removing any stagnant water where other mosquitoes like to breed.

      Deb Friedman: In any neighbourhood home, there can be areas in the garden that collect water.

      Reporter: Despite being a nuisance and a risk to humans, mosquitoes are an important food source for other wildlife, but work is done to control their numbers.

      Doug Cousins: We've got a larvicide that will inhibit the mosquito larvae from becoming adults. It doesn't harm fish or all the other predators of mosquito larvae in the water.

      Reporter: Climate change is likely to increase the number and spread of mosquitoes, along with the risk of disease.

      Deb Friedman: We are very concerned about the establishment of Murray Valley encephalitis and Dengue virus over the coming years, especially with climate change.

      Reporter: And so Doug's work and the rest of the mosquito surveillance program will become increasingly important to ensure we're aware of what the next threat might be.

    The department conducts mosquito surveillance throughout the Victorian mosquito breeding season, which in inland areas typically occurs from early November through to late April the following year, with coastal areas typically starting earlier and ending later.

    This report contains a range of indicators relating to mosquito-borne diseases actively monitored by the Department of Health (the department).

    The indicators used in this report are sourced from the following surveillance systems:

    • Human surveillance (notified confirmed and probable cases and/or modelled predictions of vector-borne disease)
    • Mosquito surveillance (adult mosquitoes)

    For more information, see Mosquito surveillance report.

    Mosquito viral detections

    As part of the mosquito surveillance program, captured mosquitoes are tested for Ross River virus (RRV), Barmah Forest Virus, Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus, Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus and West Nile (Kunjin) virus. Table 1 lists all viral detections in mosquitoes for the 2022/2023 season.

    The timing of detections of virus may be influenced by access to traps, transport of specimens, laboratory capacity and other factors. The accuracy of testing may be impacted by the number and location of traps, the number, type and condition of captured mosquitoes, as well as other factors. Note that virus may be circulating in Local Government Areas (LGAs) that are not listed as surveillance is only conducted on a sample of the overall mosquito population.

    Viral detections in trapped mosquitoes for the 2022/2023 season by LGA

    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      29/11/2022 6/12/2022 BFV
      7/12/2022 16/12/2022 BFV
      7/12/2022 16/12/2022 BFV
      20/12/2022 22/12/2022 RRV
      21/12/2022 29/12/2022 RRV
      17/01/2023 24/01/2023 MVEV
      17/01/2023 24/01/2023 RRV
      24/01/2023 27/01/2023 MVEV
      31/01/2023 3/02/2023 MVEV

    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      28/03/2023 31/03/2023 MVEV
      6/12/2022 9/12/2022 BFV
    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      10/01/2023 13/01/2023 BFV
    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      20/12/2022 22/12/2022 RRV
      5/01/2023 10/01/2023 RRV
      5/01/2023 10/01/2023 MVEV
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 RRV
    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      17/01/2023 24/01/2023 MVEV
      24/01/2023 31/01/2023 MVEV
      7/02/2023 10/02/2023 MVEV

    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      30/11/2022 9/12/2022 RRV
      30/12/2022 10/01/2023 RRV
      24/01/2023 31/01/2023 MVEV

    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      10/01/2023 13/01/2023 MVEV
      10/01/2023 13/01/2023 RRV
      18/01/2023 24/01/2023 MVEV
      18/01/2023 24/01/2023 MVEV
      19/01/2023 27/01/2023 MVEV
      25/01/2023 27/01/2023 MVEV
      15/02/2023 21/02/2023 MVEV
    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      29/11/2022 6/12/2022 BFV
      20/12/2022 6/01/2023 RRV
      4/01/2023 6/01/2023 RRV
      4/01/2023 6/01/2023 RRV
      20/12/2022 6/01/2023 BFV
      10/01/2023 13/01/2023 MVEV
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 MVEV
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 MVEV
      24/01/2023 27/01/2023 MVEV
      01/02/2023 7/02/2023 MVEV
      01/02/2023 7/02/2023 MVEV
      7/02/2023 10/02/2023 WNV/Kunjin

    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      6/12/2022 13/12/2022 BFV
      20/12/2022 22/12/2022 RRV
      20/12/2022 22/12/2022 BFV
      28/12/2022 4/01/2023 RRV
      4/01/2023 10/01/2023 RRV
      4/01/2023 10/01/2023 MVEV
      10/01/2023 13/01/2023 MVEV
      10/01/2023 13/01/2023 MVEV
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 WNV/Kunjin
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 WNV/Kunjin
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 WNV/Kunjin
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 MVEV
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 MVEV
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 MVEV
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 MVEV
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 MVEV
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 MVEV
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 RRV
      24/01/2023 27/01/2023 WNV/Kunjin
      24/01/2023 27/01/2023 MVEV
      24/01/2023 27/01/2023 MVEV
      24/01/2023 27/01/2023 MVEV
      31/01/2023 3/02/2023 MVEV
      31/01/2023 3/02/2023 MVEV
      31/01/2023 3/02/2023 MVEV
      31/01/2023 3/02/2023 WNV/Kunjin
      31/01/2023 3/02/2023 WNV/Kunjin
      7/02/2023 10/02/2023 MVEV
      7/02/2023 10/02/2023 MVEV
      14/02/2023 17/02/2023 MVEV
      21/02/2023 24/02/2023 MVEV
      21/02/2023 24/02/2023 MVEV
      21/02/2023 24/02/2023 MVEV
      07/03/2023 10/03/2023 MVEV
      07/03/2023 10/03/2023 MVEV

    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      20/12/2022 29/12/2022 BFV
      20/12/2022 29/12/2022 BFV
      4/01/2023 6/01/2023 RRV
      7/02/2023 14/02/2023 MVEV

    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      15/03/2023 21/03/2023 MVEV

    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      3/01/2023 6/01/2023 RRV
      17/01/2023 20/01/2023 RRV
      30/01/2023 3/3/2023 RRV
      30/01/2023 3/3/2023 RRV
    • Trap collection date Notification date Virus detected
      11/01/2023 18/01/2023 WNV/Kunjin
      24/01/2023 3/02/2023 MVEV

    Reviewed 27 June 2023

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    Communicable Disease Section Department of Health GPO Box 4057, Melbourne, VIC 3000

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