Bibliography

ACIL Consulting (1998) Assessment of Options for Delivering Major Trauma Services in Victoria. Report submitted to the Department of Human Services, Victoria, May 1998.

Acute Health Quality Committee (1997) Acute Health Performance Indicators: Strategy for Victoria - A Discussion Paper, Department of Human Services.

Alderson, P. Roberts, I. (1998), 'Corticosteroids in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury', (Cochrane Review) The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford: Update Software.

American College of Emergency Physicians (1993), 'Guidelines for trauma care systems', Ann Emerg Med, June; 22: 1079-1100.

American College of Surgeons (1993), Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient, Committee on Trauma, American College of Surgeons, Chicago.

Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ANZCA & ACEM 1992) Minimum Standards for Transport of the Critically Ill, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Australasian College for Emergency Medicine.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (1995), Causes of Death, ABS, Canberra.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (1998a), Melbourne-A Social Atlas, Cat. No. 2030.2, p. 4, ABS, Canberra.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (1998b), Population Projections 1997-2051, Cat. No. 3222.0, July, p. 66.

Australian Council on Healthcare Standards (1997), Model Trauma Services Resource Criteria, ACHS.

Australian Council on Healthcare Standards (1997), Guidelines for Trauma Services, ACHS, Sydney, Australia.

Australian Institute of Health (1990), Australia's Health, AGPS, Canberra.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services (AIHW 1998). National Health Priority Areas Report (Draft), Canberra.

Bazzoli, G.J. Madura, K.J. Cooper, G.F. MacKenzie, E.J. Maier, R.V. (1995), 'Progress in the development of trauma systems in the United States', JAMA 273 (5): 395-401.

Bek, M. Lyle, D. O'Connell, T. et al. (1992) 'A regional trauma system in Sydney: the first three months', NSW Public Health Bulletin; 3: 133-134.

Boyd, C.R., Tolson, M.A. Copes, W.S. (1987), 'Evaluting trauma care: the TRISS method'. J Trauma 27; 370-378.

Bracken, M.B. (1998), Pharmacologic Treatment of Acute Spinal Cord Injury, (Cochrane Review) The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford, Updated quarterly.

Burke, P.F. (ed.) (1986), 'Trauma centres', Australia and New Zealand Journal of Surgery, 56, 461-462

Cales, R.H. (1984), 'Trauma mortality in Orange County: the effect of implementation of a regional trauma system', Annals of Emergency Medicine; 13: 1-10.

Cales, R.H. Trunkey, D.D. (1985), 'Preventable trauma deaths: a review of trauma care systems development', JAMA; 245: 1059-1063.
Cameron, P. (1993), 'Emergency systems not trauma centres', Emergency Medicine; 5: 125-128.

Cameron, P. Dziukas, L. Hadj, A. Clark, P. Hooper, S. (1995), 'Major trauma in Australia: a regional analysis', J Trauma, 39: 545-552.

Champion, H.R. Copes, W.S. Sacco, W.J. Lawnick, M.M. Keast, S.L. Bain, L.W. Flanagan, M.E. Frey, C.F. (1990), 'The Major Trauma Outcome Study: establishing national norms for trauma care', J Trauma, 30 (11): 1356-1365.

Champion, H.R. Sacco, W.J. Copes, W.S. (1992), 'Improvement in outcome from trauma centre care', Arch Surg., 127:333-338.

Chan, D. (1998), 'Echocardiography in thoracic trauma', Emerg Clin Nth Am; 16: 191-207.

Collicott, P. (1992) , 'Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS): Past, Present, Future, 16th Stone Lecture, American Trauma Society', J Trauma 33 (5) 749-753.

Commission on the Provision of Surgical Services (1988), Report of the Working Party on the Management of Patients with Major Injuries, Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Consultative Committee on Road Traffic Fatalities (1997), Recommendations Advised by the Learned Colleges and Specialist Societies to Counter Problems Identified by the Consultative Committee on the Emergency and Clinical Management of Road Rraffic Fatalities in Victoria, CCRTF, 30 June.

Cooper, D.J. McDermott, F.T. Cordner, S.M. Tremayne, A.B. (1997A), 'Quality assessment of the management of road traffic fatalities at a level 1 trauma centre compared to other hospitals in Victoria, Australia', J Trauma, 45 (4): 1-8.

Coordinating Unit for Rural Health Education in Victoria (1997), CURHEV Annual Report. VIC.

Currell, R. Urquhart, C. Wainwright, P. Lewis, R. 'The impact of telemedicine as an alternative to face to face patient care, on professional practice and patient care', (protocol). http://www.hcn.net.au/cochrane/cdsr/dt000122.htm.

Danne, P. Brazenor, G. Cade, R. Crossley, P. Fitzgerald, M. Gregory, P. Kowal, D. Lovell, L. Morley, P. Smith, M. Taylor, R. Walker, S. (1998), 'The Major Trauma Management Study: an analysis of the efficacy of current trauma care', Aust. N.Z. J. Surg. 68: 50-57.

Davis, J. Hoyt, D.B. McArdle, M.S. et al (1992), 'An analysis of errors causing morbidity and mortality in a trauma system: A guide for quality improvement', J Trauma, 32; 660-666.

Demetriadis, D. Chan, L.S. Velmahos, G. Burn, T.V. (1998), 'TRISS methodology and trauma; the need for alternatives', Brit J Surgery , 85; 379-84.

Department of Human Services (1996), A Healthier Future: A Plan for Metropolitan Health Care Services, Department of Human Services, Melbourne, October.

Durham LA, Richardson RJ, Wall MJ, et al. (1992), Emergency center thoracotomy: impact of prehospital resuscitation, J Trauma; 32: 775-779.

Eastman, A.B. Lewis, F.R. Champion, H.R. Mattox, K.L. (1987), 'Regional trauma system design: critical concepts', The American Journal of Surgery 154: 79-85.

Esposito, T.J. Offner, P.J. Jurkovich, G.J. Griffith, J. Maier, R.V. (1995), 'Do prehospital trauma center triage criteria identify major trauma victims?' Arch Surg; 130: 171-176.
Fabian, T.C. Richardson, J. Croce, M. Fabian, T.C. Richardson, J.D. Croce, M.A. Smith, J.S. Rodman, G. Jr. Kearney, P.A. Flynn, W. Ney, A.L. Cone, J.B. Luchette, F.A. Wisner, D.H. Scholten, D.J. Beaver, B.L. Conn, A.K. Cosxua, R. Hoyt, D.B. Morris, J.A. Jr. Harviel, J.D. Peitzman, A.B. Bynoe, R.P. Diamond, D.L. Wall, M. Gates, J.D. Asensio, J.A. Enderson, B.L. (1997), 'Prospective study of blunt aortic injury: Multicenter trial of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma', J Trauma; 42: 374-380.

Faculty of Intensive Care, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (FICANZCA) (1994), Minimum Standards for Intensive Care Units, Faculty of Intensive Care, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists.

Feero.,S.Hedges,J.Simmons, E. Irwin, L. (1995), 'Does out-of-hospital EMS time affect trauma survival?', American Journal of Emergency Medicine, March; 13: 133-135.

Gelijns, A.C. (1990), Modern Methods of Clinical Investigation, Washington DC: National Academy Press.

Glaser, K. Tschmelitsch, J. Klinger, P. Wetscher, G. Bodner, E. (1994), 'Ultrasonography in the management of blunt abdominal trauma and thoracic trauma', Arch Surg; 129: 743-747.

Gwinnutt, C. Driscoll, P. (1996), 'Advanced trauma life support', European Journal of Anesthesiology ,13 (2) 95-101.

Hailey, D. Jacobs, P. 'Assessment of telehealth applications', http://www.cochranelibrary.net/CL

Hall, J.R. Reyes, H.M. Meller, J.L. Loeff, D.S. Dembak, R. (1996), 'The outcome of children with blunt trauma is best at a paediatric trauma centre', Journal of Paediatric Surgery, 31, 1: 72-77.

Kelly, A.M. Epstein, J. (1997), 'Preventable death studies: an inappropriate tool for evaluating trauma systems', Aust NZ J Surg, 67: 591-2.

Kowalenko, T. Stern, T. Dronen, S.et al. (1992), 'Improved outcome with hypotensive resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in a swine model', J Trauma, 33: 349-353.

Langham, J. Goldfrad, B. Rowan, K. (1998), Assessing the Effect of Calcium Channel Blockers in Patients with Acute Traumatic Brain Injury on Mortality, Neurological Disability and Quality of Life, (Cochrane Review) The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford, Updated quarterly.

Lucciarini, P. Ofner, J. Weber, F. Lungenschmid, D. (1993), 'Ultrasonagraphy in the initial evaluation and follow -up of blunt abdominal injury', Surgery; 114; 506-509.

Mackenzie, E. Steinhach, D.M. Bone, L.R. Floccare, D.J. Ramzy, A.I. and The Preventable Death Study Group (1992), 'Inter-rater reliability of preventable death judgements', J Trauma, 33: 292-302.

Mattox, K.L. Bickell, W.H. Pepe, P.E. et al. (1989), 'Prospective MAST study in 911 patients', J Trauma; 29: 1104-1112.

McDermott, F.T. (1994), 'Trauma audit and quality improvement', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery, 64 , 147-154.

McDermott, F.T. Cordner, S.M. Tremayne, A.B. (1996), 'Evaluation of medical management and preventability of death in 137 road traffic fatalities in Victoria, Australia', J Trauma; 41: 83-90.
McDermott, F.T. Cordner, S.M. Tremayne, A.B. (1996), Evaluation of the Emergency and Clinical Management of Road Traffic Fatalities in Victoria: Jan- Mar 1996, Consultative Committee on Road Traffic Fatalities in Victoria.

McDermott, F.T. Cordner, S.M. Tremayne, A.B. & the Consultative Committee on Road Traffic Fatalities in Victoria (1997), 'Management deficiencies and death preventability in 120 Victorian road fatalities (1993-1994)', Aust. N.Z. J.Surg;
67: 611-618.

McDermott, F.T. Cordner, S.M. Tremayne, A.B. (1997), 'Reproducability of preventable death judgements and problem identification in 60 consecutive road trauma fatalities in Victoria, Australia', J Trauma 43; 831.

McDermott, F.T. Cordner, S.M. Tremayne, A.B. (1998), Report of the Consultative Committee on Road Traffic Fatalities in Victoria (in press).

McKenny, M.G. Martin, L. Lentz, K. Loez, C. Sleeman, D. Aristide, G. Kirton, O. Nunez, D. Najjar, R. Namias, N. Sosa, J. (1996), 'One thousand consecutive ultrasounds for blunt abdominal trauma', J Trauma; 40: 607-612.

Melanson, S.W. Heller, M. (1998), 'The emerging role of bedside ultrasonography in trauma care', Emerg Clin Nth Am; 16: 165-189.

Mullins, R.J. Veum-Stone, J. Helfand, M. et al. (1994), 'Outcome of hospitalized injured patients after institution of a trauma system in an urban area', JAMA; 271: 1919-1924.

National Injury Surveillance Unit (1994), Epidemiology of Injury in Australia: A Scan of Current Literature and Data. Department of Human Services and Health, AGPS, Canberra.

National Injury Surveillance Unit (1998), 'Injury mortality in Australia, 1996', Injury Prevention Bulletin, Issue 19.

National Road Trauma Advisory Council (NRTAC 1993) Report of the Working Party on Trauma Systems, Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, AGPS, Canberra.

Nayduch, D. Moylan, J. Snyder, B.L. et al. (1994), 'American College of Surgeons trauma quality indicators: an analysis of outcome in a statewide trauma registry',
J Trauma; 37: 565-575.

Neurosurgical Society of Australasia (1995), The Management of Acute Neurotrauma in Rural and Remote Locations, Royal Australian College of Surgeons.

New South Wales Health Department (1992), Guide to Role Delineation of Health Services, NSW Health Dept, Australia.

Office of Plans & Policy (1997), Potential benefits of shortening the emergency medical services time line for motor vehicle injuries, Office of Plans & Policy, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, United States, November (unpublished).

Owens, T.M. Watson, W.C. Prough, D.S. et al. (1995), 'Limiting initial resuscitation of uncontrolled heamorrhage reduces internal bleeding and subsequent volume requirements', J Trauma; 39: 200.

Pasquale, M.D. Peitzman, A.B., Wasser T.E., Outcome Analysis of Level 1 and
Level 2 Trauma Centers (abstr). J. Trauma. 1998;45:189.
Pearson, G. Shann, F. Barry, P. Vyas, J. Thomas, D. Powell, C. Field, D. (1997), 'Should paediatric intensive care be centralised? Trent versus Victoria', The Lancet. 349: 1213-1217.

Pepe, P.E. Eckstein, M. (1998), 'Reappraising the prehospital care of the patient with major trauma', Emerg Med Clin Nth Am; 16: 1-15.

Petri, R.W. Dyer, A. Lumpkin, J. (1995), 'The effect of prehospital transport time on the mortality from traumatic injury', Prehospital & Disaster Medicine; 10/1: 24-29.

Rhodes,M. Sacco, W. Smith, S. Boorse, D. (1990), 'The cost effectiveness of trauma quality assurance audit filters', J Trauma; 30: 724-727.

Richardson, J.D. Schmieg, R. Boaz, P. Spain, D.A. Wohltmann, C. Wilson, M.A. Carrillo, E.H. Miller, F.B. Fulton, R.L. (1998), 'Impact of trauma attending surgeon case volume on outcome: is more better?', J Trauma, 44 (2): 265-272.

Roberts, I. (1998), Barbiturates in the Management of Severe Brain Injury, (Cochrane Review) The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford: Updated quarterly.

Roy, P.D. (1987), 'The value of trauma centers: a methodological review', Canadian Journal of Surgery; 30: 17.

Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Trauma Committee (1992), Early Management of Severe Trauma (EMST) Manual, Capitol Press, Victoria.

Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Trauma Committee (1993), Establishing
A Minimum Data Set (M.D.S.) for Australasian Trauma. Proceedings from the Data Collection Workshop, Albury-Wodonga, 16 August 1993 and from Subsequent RACS Trauma Committee deliberations.

Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (1997), Policy on Trauma (Injury), http://www.racs.edu.au/open/publications/pol_ti01.htm

Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (1997), A Trauma Task Force to Develop an Integrated Trauma System for Victoria, Report of a Working Party of the Victorian State Committee (Executive and Trauma Committee).

Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (1998) http://www.racs.edu.au/open/overview.htm

Rutledge, R. (1996), 'The injury severity score is unable to differentiate between poor care and severe injury' J Trauma, 40: 944-950.

Sampalis, J.S. Lavoie, A. Williams, J. Mulder, D.S. Kalina, M. (1993), 'Impact of on-site care, prehospital time, and the level of in-hospital care on survival in severely injured patients', J Trauma; 3: 252-61.

Sampalis, J.S. Denis, R. Frechette, P. Brown, R. Fleiszer, D. Mulder, D. (1997), 'Direct transport to tertiary trauma centers versus transfer to lower level facilities: impact on mortality & morbidity among patients with major trauma', J Trauma; Vol 43 (2): 288-95.

Santora, T. Trooskin, S. Blank, C. Clarke, J. Schinco (1996), Video assessment of trauma response: adherence to ATLS protocols', American Journal of Emergency Medicine 14 (6) 564-569.

Schierhout, G. Roberts, I. (1998), Colloids Compared to Crystalloids in Fluid Resuscitation of Critically Ill Patients, (Cochrane Review) The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford; Updated quarterly.
Schierhout, G. Roberts, I. (1998), Hyperventilation Therapy in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury, (Cochrane Review) The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford: Updated quarterly.

Schierhout, G. Roberts, I. (1998), Mannitol in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury, (Cochrane Review) The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford: Updated quarterly.

Schierhout, G. Roberts, I. (1998), Prophylactic Anti-Epileptic Agents Following Acute Traumatic Brain Injury, (Cochrane Review) The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford: Updated quarterly.

Signorini, D.F. (1998), Therapeutic Hypothermia in Head Injury. (Cochrane Review) The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford: Updated quarterly.

Shackford, S.R. Hollingworth-Fridlund, P. Cooper, G.F. Eastman, A.B. (1986), 'The effect of regionalization upon the quality of trauma care as assessed by concurrent audit before and after institution of a trauma system: a preliminary report', J Trauma, 9: 812-820.

Shackford, S.R. Mackersie, R.C. Hoyt, D.B. Baxt, W.G. Eastman, A.B. Hammill, F.N. Knotts, F.B. Virgilio, R.W. (1987), 'Impact of a trauma system on outcome of severely injured patients', Arch Surg, 122:866-75.

Smith, R.F. Frateschi, L. Sloan, E.P. Campbell, L. Krieg, R. Edwards, L.C. Barrett,J.A. (1990), 'The impact on outcome in severely injured trauma patients: two years experience of the Chicago trauma system', J Trauma, 30 (9); 1066-1075.

Standing Group on Health Technology (1994), Standing Group on Health Technology Report, Department of Health, London, UK.

Stern, S.A. Dronen, C.S. Wang, X. (1995), 'Multiple resuscitation regimens in a near fatal porcine aortic injury hemorrhage model', Acad Emerg Med, 2: 89-97.

Sugrue, M. Segar, M. Slone, D. Compton, J. (1996), 'Trauma outcomes; a death analysis study', Irish J Med Sci, 165; 99-104.

Tiling, T. Boulion, B. Schmid, A. et al. (1990), 'Ultrasound in blunt abdomino-thoracic trauma', In Border, et al (eds); Blunt Multiple Trauma; Comprehensive Pathophysiology and Care. New York, Marcel Decker, 415-433.

Transport Accident Commission (1998), Road Traffic Deaths, Melbourne.

Trunkey, D.D. (1983), 'Trauma', Sci Amer; 249: 28-35.

Trunkey, D.D. (1991), 'Initial treatment of patients with extensive trauma', New England Journal of Medicine, 324, 1259-1263.

United States Department of Health and Human Services (1992), Model Trauma Care System, Public Health Service, Health Resources and Services Administration.

Victorian Government Department of Health and Community Services (1994), Review of Emergency and Critical Care Services in Victoria , Acute Health Services Branch, Victorian Government Department of Health and Community Services.

Victorian Department of Health and Community Services Committee on Quality (1995), A New Framework for Quality in Victoria's Public Hospitals, Vol 1& 2, Health and Community Services, Promotions Unit, Australia.

Waddell, T.K. Kalman, P.G. Goodman, S.J.L. Girotti, M.J. (1991), 'Is outcome worse in a small volume Canadian trauma centre?', J.Trauma; 31 (7): 958-961.

Watson, W.L. Ozanne-Smith, J. (1997), The Cost of Injury to Victoria, Monash University Accident Research Centre; Report No.124, Clayton ,Victoria: December.