L. R. Burns and M. V. Pauly (2002). "Integrated delivery networks: A detour on the road to integrated health care?" Health Affairs 21(4): 128-143.

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This paper reviews the rationales and evidence for horizontal and vertical integration involving hospitals. We find a disjunction between the integration rationales espoused by providers and those cited in the academic literature. We also generally find that integration fails to improve hospitals' economic performance. We offer seven lessons from hospitals' efforts to integrate and then suggest four alternative models for achieving integrated delivery of health care services.